Judicial administration in medieval India is a fascinating subject that reveals how law and order operated in a time filled with political upheaval and social change. This era, spanning roughly from the 8th to the 18th century, saw various dynasties shape the legal landscape, each contributing unique practices and rules. By examining the intricate web of laws, courts, and procedures, we can better understand the social norms and governance of the time.

In this blog post, we will delve into the key components of judicial administration in medieval India, shedding light on their impact on law and order during this influential period.

Sources of Law

The foundation of judicial administration in medieval India relied on several sources of law, which can be categorized into four key areas: religious texts, customary laws, royal edicts, and local practices.

Religious texts were crucial, with texts like the Dharmashastras providing an ethical framework for personal and social conduct. For example, the Manusmriti detailed the responsibilities and rights associated with different castes and life stages. This text influenced judicial proceedings by outlining moral and ethical conduct expected from individuals.

Customary laws were equally significant. These unwritten norms evolved over time, tailored to reflect local community values. For instance, in some regions, a farmer's negligence in tending to crops may have led to community-imposed penalties. This adaptability showcased the localized nature of justice during that time.

Royal edicts also played a vital role. Kings and emperors would issue these formal laws, addressing issues like land ownership and taxation. The edicts of Mughal Emperor Akbar, for example, sought to standardize laws across his empire and incorporated aspects of Hindu and Islamic legal traditions.