Inference is a key element of logical reasoning, guiding us to draw conclusions from given premises. It is the mental process through which we gain new insights from what we already know. Within the field of inference, two major types stand out: Swarthanuman (स्वाथार्नुमान) and Pararthanuman (पराथार्नुमान). Each of these plays an essential role in evaluating arguments and reasoning. Additionally, recognizing the fallacies associated with these types is vital for effective reasoning and clear discourse.

In this post, we will unpack these two primary forms of inference and explore five material fallacies: Savyabhichara, Viruddha, Satpratipaksha, Asidha, and Badhita. By the end, you will have a richer understanding of these concepts, which can sharpen your logical thinking and reasoning skills.

What is Inference?

Inference is the process of deriving conclusions from premises or evidence. It is a crucial part of reasoning that assists individuals in handling complex information and making sound decisions. While there are different forms of inferences, they generally fall into two broad categories: Swarthanuman and Pararthanuman.

These inferences extend our understanding beyond immediate observations. By linking facts and premises, we arrive at conclusions that can affect our beliefs, actions, and judgments.

I. Kinds of Inference (अनुमान के प्रकार)

Nyaya philosophy divides inference (Anumana) into two main types based on whom the inference is meant for: